Focsaneanu Sergiu-Ciprian, Ciuca Ion, Antoniac Iulian, Kamel Earar
ABSTRACT
The development of CAD/CAM technology has significantly transformed restorative dentistry, providing clinicians with improved accuracy, reproducibility, and efficiency in the fabrication of ceramic restorations. Among the most widely used CAD/CAM ceramics are feldspathic ceramics, lithium disilicate, and zirconia, each with distinct microstructural and surface characteristics that influence their clinical performance. Surface properties such as roughness, topography, gloss, translucency, and color stability play a decisive role in determining the esthetic integration, mechanical durability, and biological behavior of these materials. Smooth, well-finished surfaces reduce bacterial adhesion, plaque accumulation, and antagonist wear, while also preserving optical qualities over time. Conversely, improper finishing protocols may compromise both function and longevity. Comparative analyses reveal that lithium disilicate provides an optimal balance between esthetics and strength, feldspathic ceramics offer excellent translucency with moderate resistance, while zirconia remains unmatched in terms of fracture toughness, albeit with esthetic limitations. The performance of these materials is also highly dependent on processing parameters, surface treatments, and finishing techniques. Future research directions aim to integrate nanotechnologies and advanced coatings to optimize surface properties, offering enhanced long-term stability and clinical predictability. CAD/CAM ceramics thus represent a cornerstone of modern prosthodontics, bridging innovation in material science with clinical excellence.
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