Tibeica Andreea, Curca Razvan, Agop-Forna Doriana, Cretu Ionut Cosmin, Camilar Maria, Radu Alexandru, Forna Norina
ABSTRACT
Rehabilitation of patients presenting with atrophic alveolar ridges remains one of the most significant challenges in contemporary implant dentistry. Following tooth loss, physiological bone remodeling often results in progressive horizontal and vertical ridge resorption, compromising both functional and esthetic outcomes and limiting the possibility of ideal implant placement. To overcome these anatomical deficiencies, a wide range of bone regeneration strategies have been developed, aiming to restore adequate bone volume and create favorable conditions for long-term implant success.
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) has emerged as a predictable and widely accepted approach for the reconstruction of alveolar bone defects. The success of regenerative procedures is based on fundamental biological principles, including osteogenesis, osteoinduction, osteoconduction, angiogenesis, and space maintenance. Various biomaterials have been introduced to support bone regeneration, including autogenous grafts, allogeneic substitutes, xenogeneic materials, and synthetic alloplastic grafts. In addition, the use of barrier membranes and biologically active adjuncts has further enhanced the regenerative potential of contemporary treatment protocols.
Recent advances in regenerative dentistry have expanded the therapeutic possibilities through the incorporation of platelet concentrates, growth factors, mesenchymal stem cells, and extracellular vesicles such as exosomes. These biological approaches aim to optimize tissue healing, promote vascularization, and improve the quality and quantity of regenerated bone. Furthermore, the widespread use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has significantly improved diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, and the assessment of clinical outcomes following regenerative procedures.
This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of predictable bone regeneration strategies for the rehabilitation of atrophic alveolar ridges. The biological mechanisms underlying bone regeneration, the characteristics of currently available biomaterials, contemporary surgical techniques, and the factors influencing clinical outcomes are critically discussed. Understanding the interaction between biological principles, biomaterial selection, and patient-related variables is essential for achieving predictable regenerative outcomes and ensuring long-term implant success in patients with alveolar bone deficiencies.
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