Rotaru Costin Alice, Agop-Forna Doriana, Ramona Elena Constantin
ABSTRACT
Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) represent a heterogeneous group of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint, masticatory muscles, and associated craniofacial structures. These disorders are considered one of the most common causes of chronic non-dental orofacial pain and may significantly impair mandibular function, psychosocial well-being, and quality of life. Contemporary evidence supports a multifactorial and biopsychosocial etiology involving structural, behavioral, psychological, and functional factors. Objective: The aim of this narrative review is to summarize contemporary knowledge regarding the diagnosis and management of temporomandibular disorders, with particular emphasis on recent developments, clinical implications, and future directions in patient care. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted using contemporary scientific publications, systematic reviews, clinical guidelines, and consensus statements retrieved from major medical and dental databases. Priority was given to recent evidence addressing diagnostic criteria, risk factors, conservative management, minimally invasive therapies, and multidisciplinary treatment approaches in temporomandibular disorders. Results: Current evidence indicates that TMDs are multifactorial conditions influenced by occlusal, psychological, behavioral, inflammatory, genetic, and systemic factors. The Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) currently represent the gold standard for diagnosis. Conservative and reversible therapies, including patient education, pharmacological management, physiotherapy, occlusal splints, and psychological interventions, remain the cornerstone of treatment. Emerging technologies such as digital diagnostic systems, artificial intelligence, and regenerative therapies may contribute to improved diagnostic precision and personalized management strategies. Conclusions: Temporomandibular disorders require a comprehensive and individualized diagnostic and therapeutic approach based on contemporary evidence and multidisciplinary collaboration. Future advances in digital technologies, biologic therapies, and personalized medicine may further improve long-term clinical outcomes and patient quality of life.
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